Gender

Internalization

Internalization Ns

Table 1:
Total samples for each country for Internalization analysis
Total N n Female n Male
Argentina 721 498 223
Australia 2115 1089 1026
Austria 1351 724 627
Bangladesh 366 203 163
Belgium 1138 467 671
Bolivia 29 17 12
Brazil 1757 1052 705
Bulgaria 632 414 218
Canada 954 579 375
Chile 97 63 34
China 1030 505 525
Colombia 1211 764 447
Costa Rica 25 9 16
Croatia 503 261 242
Cuba 43 22 21
Denmark 553 273 280
Dominican Republic 36 29 7
Ecuador 148 82 66
El Salvador 28 15 13
Finland 649 314 335
France 1107 606 501
Germany 1537 772 765
Greece 633 221 412
Guatemala 48 21 27
Honduras 24 17 7
Hungary 501 258 243
India 589 242 347
Iraq 528 255 273
Ireland 728 485 243
Israel 1242 629 613
Italy 1248 675 573
Japan 1145 586 559
Latvia 993 630 363
Mexico 1235 622 613
Morocco 614 328 286
Nepal 338 180 158
Netherlands 1286 598 688
New Zealand 508 255 253
Nicaragua 16 10 6
Nigeria 516 252 264
North Macedonia 674 380 294
Norway 521 282 239
Pakistan 462 247 215
Panama 18 12 6
Paraguay 16 14 2
Peru 91 41 50
Philippines 497 251 246
Poland 1797 890 907
Puerto Rico* 2 1 1
Romania 494 244 250
Russia 507 271 236
Senegal 298 108 190
Serbia 715 529 186
Singapore 515 265 250
Slovakia 1091 541 550
South Africa 563 422 141
South Korea 486 227 259
Spain 1077 353 724
Sweden 1552 631 921
Switzerland 1053 534 519
Taiwan 833 419 414
Turkey 1423 731 692
Ukraine 577 303 274
United Arab Emirates 182 88 94
United Kingdom 544 278 266
United States 1458 747 711
Uruguay 49 34 15
Venezuela 96 54 42

Note. * = sample too small to be included in analysis below

 

Internalization Table

Table 2:
Gender differences in Internalization for each Country
mean F SD F mean M SD M t df d p
Argentina 8.44 1.44 8.02 1.44 -3.42 392.5 0.09 .001*
Australia 7.79 1.78 7.14 1.78 -8.46 2110.82 0.12 < .001**
Austria 8.09 1.58 7.68 1.58 -4.81 1322.95 0.08 < .001**
Bangladesh 8.81 1.29 8.53 1.29 -2.16 353.12 0.32 .031*
Belgium 8.12 1.37 7.52 1.37 -6.94 1065.43 0 < .001**
Bolivia 8.05 1.56 8.52 1.56 0.86 25.61 -0.45 .398
Brazil 8.7 1.37 8.08 1.37 -8.1 1271.37 0.05 < .001**
Bulgaria 8.34 1.75 8.06 1.75 -1.98 444.45 0.29 .049*
Canada 8.12 1.67 7.58 1.67 -4.63 753.2 0.17 < .001**
Chile 8.36 1.4 7.8 1.4 -1.86 66.54 0.47 .067
China 7.58 1.28 7.61 1.28 0.41 1027.93 0 .680
Colombia 8.47 1.5 8.12 1.5 -3.62 839.78 0.09 < .001**
Costa Rica 8.24 1.6 7.95 1.6 -0.47 14.4 -0.74 .648
Croatia 7.94 1.76 7.2 1.76 -4.72 498.58 0.18 < .001**
Cuba 8.87 1.57 8.91 1.57 0.09 40.68 0.14 .927
Denmark 6.79 1.83 7.42 1.83 4.01 550.51 -0.03 < .001**
Dominican Republic 8.99 1.32 7.66 1.32 -1.92 7.79 -0.25 .092
Ecuador 8.21 1.41 8.2 1.41 -0.02 137.1 -0.17 .986
El Salvador 8.53 1.4 8.4 1.4 -0.24 24.71 0.09 .812
Finland 7.97 1.47 7.29 1.47 -5.45 644.03 0.3 < .001**
France 7.15 1.69 6.77 1.69 -3.77 1064.53 0.07 < .001**
Germany 7.39 2.02 7.09 2.02 -3.07 1527.98 0.18 .002*
Greece 8.58 1.19 7.93 1.19 -5.97 543.09 0.34 < .001**
Guatemala 9.19 1.07 8.23 1.07 -2.39 44.36 -0.35 .021*
Honduras 9.15 1.3 8.69 1.3 -0.88 12.98 0.53 .394
Hungary 8.39 1.49 7.69 1.49 -5.01 489.28 0.22 < .001**
India 8.47 1.48 8.48 1.48 0.12 550.15 0.05 .903
Iraq 7.86 1.66 7.71 1.66 -1.02 525.25 -0.05 .310
Ireland 8.71 1.17 8.25 1.17 -4.64 438.3 0.31 < .001**
Israel 8.46 1.42 8.04 1.42 -4.85 1208.38 0.2 < .001**
Italy 7.71 1.64 7.18 1.64 -5.69 1208.65 0.08 < .001**
Japan 6.41 1.59 6.02 1.59 -4.27 1142.94 0.07 < .001**
Latvia 7.36 1.74 6.44 1.74 -7.63 700.8 0.4 < .001**
Mexico 8.47 1.49 8.16 1.49 -3.52 1221.74 -0.03 < .001**
Morocco 8.1 1.77 7.7 1.77 -2.77 596.76 0.08 .006*
Nepal 8.69 1.35 8.12 1.35 -3.55 314.48 0.17 < .001**
Netherlands 8.05 1.36 7.42 1.36 -7.86 1282.99 0.27 < .001**
New Zealand 7.23 1.74 8.03 1.74 5.46 500.89 0.01 < .001**
Nicaragua 8.18 1.78 8.63 1.78 0.52 11.41 -0.35 .615
Nigeria 8.76 1.43 8.6 1.43 -1.3 513.53 -0.1 .194
North Macedonia 8.45 1.45 7.86 1.45 -4.68 568.38 0.1 < .001**
Norway 8.32 1.47 7.56 1.47 -5.74 496.76 0.32 < .001**
Pakistan 8.56 1.5 7.96 1.5 -3.75 410.07 -0.01 < .001**
Panama 8.4 1.93 8.63 1.93 0.29 13.6 -0.2 .773
Paraguay 8.2 1.5 7.3 1.5 -1.12 1.75 0.84 .394
Peru 7.9 1.64 8.27 1.64 1.09 83.37 -0.15 .280
Philippines 8.34 1.67 8.07 1.67 -1.84 494.83 0.02 .066
Poland 7.71 1.76 7.17 1.76 -6.43 1793.8 0.22 < .001**
Puerto Rico 9.8 - 9 - - - - -
Romania 7.96 1.83 7.6 1.83 -2.27 488.56 0.13 .024*
Russia 7.65 1.83 7.12 1.83 -3.33 498.99 0.19 .001*
Senegal 8.54 1.64 8.24 1.64 -1.54 223.13 0.02 .124
Serbia 8.41 1.57 7.96 1.57 -3.3 315 0.26 .001*
Singapore 7.56 1.7 7.21 1.7 -2.43 512.97 -0.17 .016*
Slovakia 7.8 1.63 7.14 1.63 -6.55 1088.82 0.37 < .001**
South Africa 8.89 1.16 8.29 1.16 -4.39 200.46 0.38 < .001**
South Korea 6.85 1.58 6.7 1.58 -1.02 477.13 -0.09 .307
Spain 8.47 1.3 7.97 1.3 -5.59 788.67 0.31 < .001**
Sweden 8.51 1.25 7.83 1.25 -9.54 1512.41 0.31 < .001**
Switzerland 7.53 1.75 6.83 1.75 -6.63 1050.86 0.06 < .001**
Taiwan 6.71 1.58 6.61 1.58 -0.95 830.97 -0.15 .341
Turkey 8.21 1.61 7.78 1.61 -4.75 1386.97 0.19 < .001**
Ukraine 7.96 1.57 7.14 1.57 -6.19 565.45 0.05 < .001**
United Arab Emirates 8.65 1.4 8.25 1.4 -1.8 179.31 0.22 .074
United Kingdom 8.85 1.14 8.2 1.14 -6.01 512.82 0.33 < .001**
United States 7.67 1.95 7.06 1.95 -6.26 1454.12 -0.22 < .001**
Uruguay 8.24 1.39 7.89 1.39 -0.61 20.36 0.14 .551
Venezuela 8.37 1.98 8.45 1.98 0.22 93.99 -0.12 .829

Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001

 

Internalization Plot

(open in new window)

Heat Map

Effect size for gender differences in Internalization across countries

Figure 1: Effect size for gender differences in Internalization across countries

Symbolization

Symbolization Ns

Table 3:
Total samples for each country for Symbolization analysis
Total N n Female n Male
Argentina 721 498 223
Australia 2118 1091 1027
Austria 1371 731 640
Bangladesh 370 207 163
Belgium 1149 470 679
Bolivia 29 17 12
Brazil 1765 1057 708
Bulgaria 638 417 221
Canada 956 580 376
Chile 97 63 34
China 1030 505 525
Colombia 1222 771 451
Costa Rica 25 9 16
Croatia 507 263 244
Cuba 43 22 21
Denmark 553 273 280
Dominican Republic 36 29 7
Ecuador 148 82 66
El Salvador 28 15 13
Finland 649 314 335
France 1112 610 502
Germany 1581 794 787
Greece 633 221 412
Guatemala 48 21 27
Honduras 24 17 7
Hungary 505 260 245
India 608 254 354
Iraq 535 255 280
Ireland 732 487 245
Israel 1243 631 612
Italy 1257 679 578
Japan 1151 588 563
Latvia 993 630 363
Mexico 1243 624 619
Morocco 630 333 297
Nepal 341 182 159
Netherlands 1296 602 694
New Zealand 509 256 253
Nicaragua 16 10 6
Nigeria 522 256 266
North Macedonia 688 385 303
Norway 526 282 244
Pakistan 467 249 218
Panama 18 12 6
Paraguay 16 14 2
Peru 91 41 50
Philippines 500 252 248
Poland 1797 890 907
Puerto Rico* 2 1 1
Romania 498 247 251
Russia 507 271 236
Senegal 318 115 203
Serbia 725 535 190
Singapore 517 266 251
Slovakia 1096 544 552
South Africa 604 450 154
South Korea 489 230 259
Spain 1089 357 732
Sweden 1564 635 929
Switzerland 1053 534 519
Taiwan 833 419 414
Turkey 1431 734 697
Ukraine 577 303 274
United Arab Emirates 185 90 95
United Kingdom 545 278 267
United States 1462 751 711
Uruguay 49 34 15
Venezuela 96 54 42

Note. * = sample too small to be included in analysis below

 

Symbolization Table

Table 4:
Gender differences in Symbolization for each Country
mean F SD F mean M SD M t df d p
Argentina 5.67 2.26 5.47 2.26 -1.1 425.98 0.09 .272
Australia 5.58 1.99 5.33 1.99 -2.87 2093.45 0.12 .004*
Austria 5.08 2.07 4.92 2.07 -1.49 1357.23 0.08 .137
Bangladesh 6.29 2.1 5.59 2.1 -3 330.38 0.32 .003*
Belgium 4.75 1.85 4.74 1.85 -0.01 1048.03 0 .989
Bolivia 5.89 2.05 6.77 2.05 1.18 24.87 -0.45 .250
Brazil 6.11 2.06 5.98 2.06 -1.18 1431.75 0.06 .238
Bulgaria 5.48 2.27 4.79 2.27 -3.46 425.37 0.29 .001*
Canada 5.2 1.8 4.88 1.8 -2.51 733.9 0.17 .012*
Chile 5.93 2.15 4.88 2.15 -2.1 61.15 0.47 .039*
China 6.44 1.51 6.44 1.51 -0.07 1025.55 0 .944
Colombia 5.85 2.26 5.62 2.26 -1.63 925.07 0.1 .103
Costa Rica 4.58 1.85 6.21 1.85 1.86 21.02 -0.74 .077
Croatia 5.22 2.07 4.87 2.07 -1.99 505 0.18 .047*
Cuba 7.25 2.66 6.91 2.66 -0.44 40.94 0.14 .665
Denmark 4.46 2.01 4.52 2.01 0.36 550.92 -0.03 .722
Dominican Republic 6.83 2.36 7.37 2.36 0.83 17.32 -0.25 .417
Ecuador 6.04 2.34 6.43 2.34 1.03 141.47 -0.17 .306
El Salvador 4.96 2.95 4.68 2.95 -0.23 23.96 0.09 .818
Finland 4.09 1.98 3.49 1.98 -3.87 643.85 0.3 < .001**
France 5.37 1.89 5.24 1.89 -1.12 1067.69 0.07 .262
Germany 4.61 2.22 4.22 2.22 -3.57 1578.1 0.18 < .001**
Greece 4.98 1.73 4.38 1.73 -4.11 462.59 0.34 < .001**
Guatemala 5.56 2.28 6.38 2.28 1.18 44.64 -0.35 .243
Honduras 7.88 1.85 6.94 1.85 -1.16 11.6 0.53 .271
Hungary 5.68 2.12 5.23 2.12 -2.41 502.54 0.21 .016*
India 5.05 2.48 5.01 2.48 -0.17 512.15 0.01 .863
Iraq 5.81 1.82 5.87 1.82 0.33 531.71 -0.03 .744
Ireland 5.19 1.99 4.57 1.99 -3.92 481.79 0.31 < .001**
Israel 5.18 2.03 4.78 2.03 -3.42 1239.94 0.19 .001*
Italy 5.94 1.94 5.78 1.94 -1.51 1228.86 0.09 .132
Japan 4.5 1.68 4.38 1.68 -1.18 1141.04 0.07 .236
Latvia 5.17 1.87 4.42 1.87 -6.03 747.14 0.4 < .001**
Mexico 6.11 2.3 6.17 2.3 0.48 1240.07 -0.03 .629
Morocco 5.31 2.24 5.14 2.24 -0.96 615.25 0.08 .338
Nepal 6.75 1.74 6.46 1.74 -1.52 327.02 0.17 .130
Netherlands 5.06 1.91 4.53 1.91 -4.87 1282.91 0.27 < .001**
New Zealand 5.4 1.9 5.35 1.9 -0.27 506.78 0.02 .785
Nicaragua 5.42 3.22 6.43 3.22 0.65 11.68 -0.35 .527
Nigeria 7.1 2 7.29 2 1.14 512.1 -0.1 .256
North Macedonia 5.41 2.19 5.22 2.19 -1.15 652.48 0.09 .250
Norway 5.08 1.88 4.52 1.88 -3.55 520.43 0.31 < .001**
Pakistan 6.02 1.86 6.02 1.86 -0.04 444.72 0 .967
Panama 5.57 2.29 6.07 2.29 0.32 7.26 -0.2 .758
Paraguay 6.51 2.65 4.5 2.65 -2.33 6.88 0.84 .054
Peru 5.7 2.19 6.04 2.19 0.71 87.2 -0.15 .478
Philippines 6.58 2.04 6.55 2.04 -0.19 495.11 0.02 .852
Poland 5.67 1.96 5.25 1.96 -4.71 1785.89 0.22 < .001**
Puerto Rico 8.8 - 6.8 - - - - -
Romania 6.37 1.98 6.11 1.98 -1.51 492.41 0.14 .133
Russia 4.25 2.04 3.86 2.04 -2.14 494.62 0.19 .033*
Senegal 5.51 2.29 5.54 2.29 0.09 261.84 -0.01 .928
Serbia 4.49 2.26 3.9 2.26 -3.24 355.4 0.26 .001*
Singapore 5.43 1.86 5.74 1.86 1.92 514.36 -0.17 .056
Slovakia 5.84 2.01 5.1 2.01 -6.05 1093.94 0.37 < .001**
South Africa 6.08 2.1 5.21 2.1 -4.18 249.59 0.41 < .001**
South Korea 6.03 1.54 6.16 1.54 0.96 468.68 -0.09 .339
Spain 5.39 1.98 4.77 1.98 -4.89 711.96 0.32 < .001**
Sweden 5.07 2.02 4.43 2.02 -6.11 1359.93 0.32 < .001**
Switzerland 4.95 1.97 4.84 1.97 -0.9 1051 0.06 .369
Taiwan 4.97 1.75 5.25 1.75 2.21 821.58 -0.15 .027*
Turkey 6.17 2.39 5.73 2.39 -3.67 1426.52 0.19 < .001**
Ukraine 4.44 2.11 4.32 2.11 -0.64 545.09 0.05 .521
United Arab Emirates 6.14 1.81 5.68 1.81 -1.59 181.6 0.23 .113
United Kingdom 4.86 2.08 4.2 2.08 -3.78 543 0.32 < .001**
United States 5.85 2 6.31 2 4.1 1422.19 -0.22 < .001**
Uruguay 5.42 2.28 5.11 2.28 -0.45 27.87 0.14 .655
Venezuela 5.93 2.73 6.23 2.73 0.58 92.37 -0.12 .560

Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001

 

Symbolization Plot

(open in new window)

Heat Map

Effect size for gender differences in Symbolization across countries

Figure 2: Effect size for gender differences in Symbolization across countries

Age

Age & Internalization

Table 5:
Correlation between Age and Internalization for each Country
mean age SD age mean internalization SD internalization N r p
Argentina 47.38 15.29 8.31 1.5 721 0.151 < .001**
Australia 47.07 17.58 7.47 1.79 2127 -0.207 < .001**
Austria 49.8 14.19 7.9 1.59 1354 0.103 < .001**
Bangladesh 32.35 11.01 8.67 1.28 364 -0.234 < .001**
Belgium 46.17 18.62 7.77 1.49 1139 0.153 < .001**
Bolivia 43.41 12.98 8.24 1.47 29 0.389 .037*
Brazil 37.21 14.09 8.45 1.56 1765 0.089 < .001**
Bulgaria 30.53 10.99 8.25 1.74 624 0.036 .366
Canada 43.41 17.39 7.91 1.74 961 -0.074 .022*
Chile 49.21 15.47 8.16 1.43 97 -0.033 .750
China 43.24 14.02 7.59 1.31 1030 0.07 .025*
Colombia 40.57 15.45 8.34 1.59 1210 0.123 < .001**
Costa Rica 44.64 12.73 8.06 1.42 25 0.082 .696
Croatia 45.96 14.56 7.58 1.79 505 0.019 .669
Cuba 48.65 12.73 8.89 1.46 43 -0.027 .863
Denmark 48.91 17.52 7.11 1.86 553 0.061 .151
Dominican Republic 40.39 12.46 8.73 1.48 36 -0.095 .580
Ecuador 40.64 11.98 8.21 1.43 148 0.05 .550
El Salvador 46.43 11.51 8.47 1.43 28 0.222 .257
Finland 38.27 12.94 7.64 1.63 677 0.082 .032*
France 43.13 16.16 6.97 1.71 1111 -0.096 .001*
Germany 49.34 16.16 7.24 1.95 1543 -0.051 .045*
Greece 29.77 11.45 8.16 1.44 635 0.112 .005*
Guatemala 44.67 13.31 8.65 1.52 48 0.182 .215
Honduras 39.25 14.3 9.02 1.25 24 -0.075 .728
Hungary 48.57 16.52 8.05 1.59 501 0.055 .222
India 32.89 11.72 8.46 1.58 594 -0.05 .224
Iraq 31.06 14.08 7.78 1.69 532 0.006 .882
Ireland 38.18 14.64 8.55 1.26 725 0.06 .107
Israel 41.19 15.24 8.25 1.54 1241 0.058 .040*
Italy 46.76 16.72 7.47 1.66 1251 0.037 .187
Japan 47.12 15.2 6.21 1.57 1148 -0.036 .220
Latvia 45.68 14.12 7.02 1.86 996 0.021 .499
Mexico 47.82 13.77 8.31 1.56 1237 0.165 < .001**
Morocco 32.11 12.61 7.92 1.8 616 -0.04 .318
Nepal 27.99 7.61 8.42 1.47 340 0.135 .013*
Netherlands 49.61 16.81 7.71 1.48 1286 0.155 < .001**
New Zealand 45.73 17.62 7.63 1.7 509 -0.095 .032*
Nicaragua 42.75 14.84 8.35 1.69 16 -0.048 .861
Nigeria 32.1 10.89 8.68 1.44 515 0.065 .142
North Macedonia 37.95 11.51 8.19 1.6 670 0.158 < .001**
Norway 46.98 17.36 7.97 1.55 522 0.028 .528
Pakistan 26.93 8.35 8.31 1.67 458 0.073 .117
Panama 44.11 17.32 8.48 1.72 18 0.153 .545
Paraguay 38.94 9.33 8.09 1.45 16 0.335 .205
Peru 46.21 14.43 8.1 1.59 91 -0.051 .630
Philippines 36.77 12.3 8.2 1.64 499 -0.02 .664
Poland 46.45 17.1 7.44 1.77 1800 0.064 .007*
Puerto Rico 64 16.97 9.4 0.57 2 - -
Romania 42.61 14.39 7.78 1.78 493 0.011 .800
Russia 45.03 15.63 7.4 1.82 507 -0.015 .740
Senegal 35.62 13.04 8.34 1.66 300 -0.108 .063
Serbia 42.69 11.81 8.28 1.61 710 0.096 .010*
Singapore 42.97 13.75 7.39 1.65 516 -0.028 .526
Slovakia 43.55 15.86 7.47 1.69 1091 0.033 .269
South Africa 39.64 13.34 8.74 1.27 559 0.016 .714
South Korea 42.05 13.76 6.77 1.59 487 -0.027 .556
Spain 45.99 13.67 8.14 1.45 1077 0.16 < .001**
Sweden 52.94 15.38 8.11 1.48 1552 0.118 < .001**
Switzerland 47.97 16.66 7.18 1.77 1053 0.048 .118
Taiwan 43.99 13.25 6.66 1.57 833 0.073 .036*
Turkey 37.3 15.28 8 1.71 1426 0.037 .158
Ukraine 37.45 8.03 7.57 1.64 577 -0.111 .008*
United Arab Emirates 31.9 8.6 8.46 1.5 181 -0.013 .865
United Kingdom 45.61 15.58 8.53 1.3 546 -0.055 .196
United States 44.43 16.56 7.37 1.9 1459 -0.198 < .001**
Uruguay 52.88 13.7 8.13 1.58 49 0.247 .087
Venezuela 46.53 12.97 8.4 1.79 96 0.074 .474

Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001

 

(open in new window)

Age & Symbolization

Table 6:
Correlation between Age and Symbolization for each Country
mean age SD age mean symbolization SD symbolization N r p
Argentina 47.38 15.29 5.61 2.26 721 0.151 < .001**
Australia 47.07 17.59 5.46 2.03 2130 -0.206 < .001**
Austria 49.81 14.14 5 2.04 1373 0.101 < .001**
Bangladesh 32.27 11 5.96 2.23 367 -0.235 < .001**
Belgium 46.24 18.63 4.75 1.92 1150 0.156 < .001**
Bolivia 43.41 12.98 6.26 2 29 0.389 .037*
Brazil 37.22 14.09 6.05 2.14 1773 0.087 < .001**
Bulgaria 30.67 11.14 5.24 2.36 630 0.032 .425
Canada 43.44 17.38 5.07 1.91 963 -0.073 .024*
Chile 49.21 15.47 5.56 2.29 97 -0.033 .750
China 43.24 14.02 6.44 1.51 1030 0.07 .025*
Colombia 40.58 15.45 5.77 2.29 1221 0.121 < .001**
Costa Rica 44.64 12.73 5.62 2.38 25 0.082 .696
Croatia 45.96 14.56 5.06 2.01 509 0.025 .578
Cuba 48.65 12.73 7.09 2.53 43 -0.027 .863
Denmark 48.91 17.52 4.49 2.02 553 0.061 .151
Dominican Republic 40.39 12.46 6.93 2.19 36 -0.095 .580
Ecuador 40.64 11.98 6.21 2.3 148 0.05 .550
El Salvador 46.43 11.51 4.83 3.11 28 0.222 .257
Finland 38.27 12.94 3.79 1.98 677 0.082 .032*
France 43.18 16.19 5.31 1.89 1116 -0.093 .002*
Germany 49.58 16.14 4.43 2.2 1587 -0.049 .050
Greece 29.77 11.45 4.58 1.79 635 0.112 .005*
Guatemala 44.67 13.31 6.02 2.41 48 0.182 .215
Honduras 39.25 14.3 7.61 1.85 24 -0.075 .728
Hungary 48.53 16.56 5.46 2.1 505 0.051 .254
India 33.05 11.79 5.05 2.36 614 -0.062 .124
Iraq 31.05 14 5.8 1.89 540 0.007 .875
Ireland 38.16 14.62 4.97 2.03 728 0.059 .109
Israel 41.2 15.24 4.98 2.04 1242 0.057 .045*
Italy 46.7 16.72 5.86 1.93 1260 0.033 .239
Japan 47.11 15.2 4.43 1.73 1154 -0.038 .200
Latvia 45.68 14.12 4.89 1.92 996 0.021 .499
Mexico 47.81 13.75 6.14 2.32 1245 0.164 < .001**
Morocco 32.26 12.68 5.23 2.27 634 -0.039 .327
Nepal 28.02 7.59 6.62 1.8 343 0.139 .010*
Netherlands 49.63 16.83 4.78 1.98 1296 0.158 < .001**
New Zealand 45.76 17.62 5.37 1.91 510 -0.09 .043*
Nicaragua 42.75 14.84 5.8 3.04 16 -0.048 .861
Nigeria 32.08 10.84 7.2 1.92 521 0.064 .146
North Macedonia 38.04 11.54 5.32 2.18 684 0.161 < .001**
Norway 46.97 17.4 4.82 1.85 527 0.035 .426
Pakistan 26.95 8.33 6.04 1.93 463 0.07 .133
Panama 44.11 17.32 5.73 2.65 18 0.153 .545
Paraguay 38.94 9.33 6.26 2.56 16 0.335 .205
Peru 46.21 14.43 5.89 2.25 91 -0.051 .630
Philippines 36.8 12.3 6.56 1.95 502 -0.015 .733
Poland 46.45 17.1 5.45 1.92 1800 0.064 .007*
Puerto Rico 64 16.97 7.8 1.41 2 - -
Romania 42.65 14.43 6.24 1.92 497 0.016 .715
Russia 45.03 15.63 4.07 2.06 507 -0.015 .740
Senegal 35.52 13.04 5.5 2.51 320 -0.091 .104
Serbia 42.69 11.85 4.34 2.23 720 0.097 .009*
Singapore 43.01 13.74 5.58 1.84 518 -0.029 .505
Slovakia 43.57 15.85 5.47 2.05 1096 0.033 .278
South Africa 39.67 13.25 5.87 2.17 601 0.026 .527
South Korea 42.04 13.75 6.09 1.48 490 -0.024 .590
Spain 46 13.68 4.97 2.01 1089 0.157 < .001**
Sweden 52.91 15.4 4.69 2.04 1564 0.12 < .001**
Switzerland 47.97 16.66 4.9 1.94 1053 0.048 .118
Taiwan 43.99 13.25 5.11 1.84 833 0.073 .036*
Turkey 37.28 15.29 5.96 2.3 1434 0.036 .171
Ukraine 37.45 8.03 4.38 2.26 577 -0.111 .008*
United Arab Emirates 31.83 8.56 5.9 1.98 184 -0.013 .856
United Kingdom 45.61 15.57 4.54 2.06 547 -0.055 .195
United States 44.44 16.55 6.07 2.13 1463 -0.199 < .001**
Uruguay 52.88 13.7 5.32 2.24 49 0.247 .087
Venezuela 46.53 12.97 6.06 2.58 96 0.074 .474

Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001

 

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Symbolization & Cultural Measures

Power Distance

Power Distance

Relationship between Power Diatance and Symbolization

Figure 3: Relationship between Power Diatance and Symbolization

Individualism

Relationship between Individualism and Symbolization

Figure 4: Relationship between Individualism and Symbolization

Masculinity

Relationship between Masculinity and Symbolization

Figure 5: Relationship between Masculinity and Symbolization

Long Term Orientation

Relationship between Long Term Orientation and Symbolization

Figure 6: Relationship between Long Term Orientation and Symbolization

Indulgence

Relationship between Indulgence and Symbolization

Figure 7: Relationship between Indulgence and Symbolization

Tightness Domain General

Relationship between Domain General Tightness and Symbolization

Figure 8: Relationship between Domain General Tightness and Symbolization

Tightness Domain Specific

Relationship between Domain Specific Tightness and Symbolization

Figure 9: Relationship between Domain Specific Tightness and Symbolization

Tightness Combination

Relationship between Tightness: Combination and Symbolization

Figure 10: Relationship between Tightness: Combination and Symbolization

Internalization & Cultural Measures

Power Distance

Relationship between Power Diatance and Internalization

Figure 11: Relationship between Power Diatance and Internalization

Individualism

Relationship between Individualism and Internalization

Figure 12: Relationship between Individualism and Internalization

Uncertainty Avoidance

Relationship between Uncertainty Avoidance and Internalization

Figure 13: Relationship between Uncertainty Avoidance and Internalization

Long Term Orientation

Relationship between Long Term Orientation and Internalization

Figure 14: Relationship between Long Term Orientation and Internalization

Indulgence

Relationship between Indulgence and Internalization

Figure 15: Relationship between Indulgence and Internalization

Tightness Domain General

Relationship between Domain General Tightness and Internalization

Figure 16: Relationship between Domain General Tightness and Internalization

Tightness Domain Specific

Relationship between Domain Specific Tightness and Internalization

Figure 17: Relationship between Domain Specific Tightness and Internalization

Tightness Combination

Relationship between Tightness: Combination and Internalization

Figure 18: Relationship between Tightness: Combination and Internalization